![the offspring 2020 the offspring 2020](https://pulsosanluisrm.blob.core.windows.net/images/2019/06/10/theoffspring-focus-0-0-696-423.jpg)
They also had to be aged ≥50 y at the end of Offspring Cohort exam 5 to allow sufficient time during follow-up to reach an age at which they would be at a reasonable risk for ADRD (i.e., all participants would be aged >70 y by the end of follow-up).
THE OFFSPRING 2020 FREE
To be eligible for the current study, participants had to be free of ADRD and have a valid FFQ (as described below) at their baseline study exam. We allowed participants’ baselines to be any of these 5 Offspring Cohort exams (as described below).įigure 1 displays the flow of our study population and their baseline frequencies.
![the offspring 2020 the offspring 2020](https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/app/uploads/2020/02/the-offspring.png)
The cohort also undergoes continuous surveillance for various incident outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and dementia.
THE OFFSPRING 2020 SERIES
Approximately every 4 y, this cohort undergoes a physical examination, and completes a series of questionnaires and laboratory and cardiovascular tests. The Framingham Offspring Study Cohort was established in 1970 and consisted of 5124 men and women who were the children of the original cohort and their partners ( 31). The study was initiated in 1948 with a total of 5209 participants aged 28–62 y in the original cohort. The present study used data from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), a long-term ongoing cohort study designed to explore cardiovascular disease risk factors in residents of the city of Framingham, Massachusetts ( 30). In an effort to better understand the role of dietary flavonoid intake in the risk of ADRD, we undertook the present study to examine the relation between the risk of ADRD and long-term intake of total dietary flavonoids and 6 classes of flavonoids commonly consumed in Western diets, while addressing the limitations of prior observational studies on this relation.
![the offspring 2020 the offspring 2020](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/g9kHiq_2jsY/maxresdefault.jpg)
Furthermore, observational evidence relating flavonoid intake to ADRD risk is limited primarily by inadequate assessment of flavonoid intake as a result of either relying on a single dietary assessment over the course of relatively long follow-up periods, inaccurate capture and characterization of total flavonoid intake due to using imprecise dietary assessment tools, or use of incomplete flavonoid databases ( 26–29). However, given the short duration of these trials, it is not possible to extrapolate their findings to ADRD risk. Human intervention studies assessing the acute effects of flavonoid-rich foods, such as cocoa ( 20, 21), blueberries ( 22, 23), and orange juice ( 24, 25), have revealed promising findings in the areas of memory, attention, and executive function. Common sources of flavonoids include anthocyanin-rich berries and red wine, flavanone-rich citrus fruits and juices, flavan-3-ol-rich teas and dark chocolate, flavone-rich parsley and celery, flavonol-rich onions and apples, and isoflavone-rich soy products ( 15, 17–19). Based on their chemical structure, flavonoids are classified into 7 major classes, including flavan-3-ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, flavones, flavanones, flavonoid polymers, and isoflavones ( 16). Flavonoids are naturally occurring bioactive pigments found widely in plant-based foods ( 15). Increasing evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet, a dietary pattern that emphasizes flavonoid-rich fruits and vegetables, has the potential to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and ADRD ( 10–14). Given the absence of effective drug treatments to prevent, significantly attenuate, or ameliorate ADRD, extensive efforts are being made to identify modifiable risk factors that can lower the risk of developing ADRD, of which diet could hold significant promise ( 8, 9). Currently, 5.8 million Americans are living with AD, and by 2050 that is projected to escalate to 14 million ( 7). AD is the most common form of dementia, making up ∼60-80% of dementia cases. Alzheimer disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD), a group of symptoms in which there is progressive deterioration in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with a person's daily living activities, are regarded as among the most significant public health challenges largely affecting adults aged >65 y ( 6). A consequence of this increase in older adults is the escalation of age-related diseases ( 4, 5). Currently, there are >50 million Americans aged ≥65 y, and that is projected to more than double by 2060 ( 3).
![the offspring 2020 the offspring 2020](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/H6XgfmLd9KGfoAbnUceGBc.jpg)
Along with improvements in healthcare and medical technology, the aging of the baby boom generation will result in an unprecedented rise in the number of older Americans ( 1, 2).